ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl flfrys m¾fhaIlhka f.a wjOdkh fhduq jkafka fujeks miqìul h'

ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl hkq fudkjd o@

ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl hkq m<sfndaO u¾okh i|yd fhdod.; yels úI rys; hdka;%Khla‌ iys; ia‌jNdjfha mj;sk o%jHhka h' idïm%odhsl m<sfndaOkdYl lD;%suj ksmojk tajd jk w;r tu.ska m<sfndaOhd iDcq j u urd oeóu fyda wl%sh lsÍu isÿ lrhs' ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl óg fjkia‌ h' fïjd tla‌flda i;a;aj o%jHhka h' ke;akï Ydl fyda la‍Iqo% Ôù o%jHhka h' we;eï úg ffcùh fldgia‌j,g ia‌jdNdúl Lksc tl;= lsÍfuka o ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl idohs' lefkda,d f;,aj,g Lksc tla‌ lsÍfuka idok ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl óg ksoiqka h' 2001 wjidk jk úg ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl ksIamdok 780la‌ wefußldfõ muKla‌ ,shdmÈxÑ lr ;sìKs' fïjd m%Odk fldgia‌ ;=klg fnfoa' ta

la‌Iqo% Ôù m<sfndaOkdYl
^Microbial Pesticides&

Ydluh taldnoaO wdrla‌Is;
Plant Incorporated Protectants

yd

ffcj ridhksl m<sfndaOkdYl
Bio Chemical Pesticideshkqfjks'

la‌Iqo% Ôù m<sfndaOkdYlj,g iqkHIaál fukau m%dla‌kHIaál Ôùka o we;=<;a fõ' nela‌àßhd" È,Sr" we,a.S" fm%dfgdfidajd fukau jhsri o óg we;=<;a h'

la‌Iqo% Ôù m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú; lsÍfuka úYd, mrdihl m<sfndaOhka úkdY l< yels fõ' b;d u m%lg la‌Iqo% Ôù m<sfndaOh jkafka Bacillus thuringiensis ^BT& h' fï nela‌àßhdfõ tla‌ tla‌ udÈ,sh ie,l+ úg tajd ksmojkafka tlsfklg fjkia‌ fm%daàk j¾. h' tajd lDñ lSghka úkdY lsÍug fhdod.; yels h' tfy;a fï tla‌ fm%daàk úfYaIhlska fndfyda úg jekfikafka tla‌ lSg úfYaIhla‌ muKs' fï ksid wod< udÈ,sh ksl=;a lrk fm%daàkh .ek wjOdkh oela‌úh hq;= h' wod< udÈ,sfha fm%daàkh fjkia‌ lsÍfuka lDñhd f.a fjkia‌ Ôjk wjia‌:djlg fyda fjk;a u lDñhl=g fyda myr Èh yels h' Bacillus thuringiensis u.ska f,msfvdmafgrd yd ämafgmafgrd f.da;%j, lDñka b;d myiqfjka jkid oeñh yels h' fï nela‌àßhd Ndú;h b;d mßir ys;ldó l%ufõohla‌ f,i ie,fla'

m%lg la‌Iqo% Ôù m<sfndaOkdYl È,Sr m%fNaohla‌ jkafka Entomopathogenic Fungi ^óg Beauveria" Lecanicillium
metarnizium wdÈh we;=<;a fõ& h'

Plant incorporated Protectant fyj;a PIP hkq ;j;a b;d jeo.;a ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl m%fNaohls' fïjd Ydl u.ska ksmojkq ,nk o%jH fõ' m%fõKsl fjkia‌lï lsÍu u.ska Ydlhg u kj o%jH ksmoùfï yelshdj ,nd foa' ksoiqkla‌ f,i oela‌jqj fyd;a by; úia‌;r l< BT nela‌àßhdfõ m<sfndaOkdYl l%shdjg wod< fm%daàkfha cdkh msg;g .kakg úoHd{hkag mq¿jk' tu cdkh f.dúhd jjk ^fnda. j¾.fha& Ydlhg we;=<;a lrkakg o mq¿jk' bkamiq m<sfndaOkdYl fm%daàkh ;udg u ksmojd .kakg Ydlh iu;a fõ'

ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl flfrys
fhduq úh hq;af;a wehs@

ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl ridhksl m<sfndaOkdYl yd ii|k úg b;d mßir ys;ldó h' tfia u fi!LHhg ydkslr fkdue;' lD;%su ridhk o%jH ñksidg fukau i;=kag o fi!LHuh ydks muqKqjhs' tfy;a ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl tfia fkd fõ' tajd ydkslr wjfYaI b;=re fkd lrhs' idfmala‌Ij úhoï wvq h' b,la‌l Ôúhd fyda lKa‌vdhu muKla‌ md,kh lrhs' lDóyq yd fjk;a ydkslr i;a;= fndfyda úg ridhksl m<sfndaOkdYlj,g bla‌ukska wkqj¾;kh fj;s' fï .egÆj ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj, § mek fkd kÛS'

ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj, wjdis

ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj, jdis fukau wjdis o we;' fï tjeks wjdis lsysmhls'

1' by< úfYaISlrKh ksid" fh§fï § jeäfhka ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h' tkï fmdÿ Ndú;hla‌ l< fkdyels h' fnda.fha isák$fnda.hg ydks lrk m<sfndaOlhd úfYaIfhka y÷kdf.k ta i|yd u úfYaIs; fm%daàk ksmojk ffcjm<sfndaOkdYlh Ndú; lsÍug isÿ fõ'

2' tla‌ ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlhla‌ Ndú;fhka j.dfõ we;s ishÆ m<sfndaO u¾okh lsÍug fkdyels h' tksid nyqúO m<sfndaOkdYl ^Multiple pesticides& fj; fhduq ùug isÿ fõ'

3' ks;r u wvq fõ.fhka l%shd;aul fõ' tksid u yÈis ;¾ckhla‌ fia mekkÛsk m<sfndaOhl=g tfrys j Ndú; lsÍug kqiqÿiq h'

4' ffcj fukau wffcj idOl u; fï ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj, ld¾hla‌Iu;dj r|d mj;S' ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl hkq Ôùka ksid" fujeks .egÆ b;d ixlS¾K f,i j¾Okh úh yels h'

ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj, fndfyda fldgia‌ ;ju;a Ôj;a jk Ôùka h' tksid WIaK;ajh" f;;ukh" wdydr" pH w.h" mdrcïnq, lsrK" mdxYq ,la‌IK" úf,dmSh n,mEï wdÈh fï ^Ôùka f.a& m<sfndaOkdYlj, ld¾hla‌Iu;dj flfrys n,mdhs' tksid u fï ffcjm<sfndaOkdYlj, ld¾hla‌Iu;dj ia‌:djr ke;' fuys § fndfyda fokd kÛk ;¾lhla‌ jkafka ksje/È l%ufõo yd ;;a;aj ;=< § th ia‌:djrj ;nd .; yels njhs' tfy;a wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk idOlhla‌ bia‌u;= ù l%shdoduh iïmQ¾Kfhka lKmsg fmrf<kakg bv ;sfí' hï hï fm/hSï l< yels jqj o ta fm/hsï je/§ heug we;s bv iqúYd, h' úfYaIfhka u fï ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj,g n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk wdidokhla‌ we;s jqj fyd;a wkfmala‌Is; ydkslr m%;sM, mjd we;s úh yels h'

5' iudcuh yd wdl,amuh .egÆ

fujeks kj l%ufõohla‌ y÷kajd §fï § wdl,amuh yd iudcuh n,mEï .ek o wjOdkfhka isáh hq;= h' úfYaIfhka u f.dùka fï .ek ola‌jk wdl,am fudkjd oehs úuid ne,sh hq;= h' fujeks fohlg f.dùka keUqre lrjd .ekSu t;rï myiq fkd fõ' jeä bvla‌ we;af;a fuh m%;sla‌fIam lsÍug h' fuf;la‌ flÍ we;s ióla‌IK wkqj fmkS f.dia‌ we;af;a fïjd y÷kajd fok uq,a wjia‌:dj, § ie,lsh hq;= m%;sY;hla‌ fuh m%;sla‌fIam lr we;s njhs' f.dùka fï l%u foi n,kafka ielfhks' È.= l,la‌ ;sia‌fia lD;%su l%uj,g mqreÿ lrkq ,en isák f.dùka h<s ia‌jdNdúl l%u fj; fhduq lrùu t;rï myiq fkd fõ'

6' ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl i;=j we;s l%shdldÍ wdhq ld,h b;d flá h' lD;%su lDñkdYl yd i,lk úg fï flá nj fyd¢ka lemS fmfka'

7' ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj wju ùu o fuys j¾Okh flfrys n,mdhs' ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú; lrkakg flkl= ;=< leue;a;la‌ yÈia‌isfha we;s jqj o tajd ksmojk ;ekaj,ska yÈisfha ,nd .ekSu wmyiq úh yels h' ikaikaokd;aulj lD;%su m<sfndaOkdYlj, ;;a;ajh óg fjkia‌ h' ´kE u .ul lD;%su m<sfndaOkdYl ñ, § .kakg we;'

8' nyq md¾Yaùh iyfhda.h wjYH l%shdoduhla‌ ùu o hï wjdishla‌ f.k fohs' WodyrKhla‌ .; fyd;a fï ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl id¾:lj mj;ajd .kakg kï .fï f.dúhd fj; kj oekqu <Ûd úh hq;= h'

kj oekqu ìys jkafka úoHd{hka w;r h' bkamiq tu oekqu yryd m%;sm;a;s ;SrK .kafka by< rdcH n,OdÍka h' fï n,OdÍka f.a ;SrK uOHu uÜ‌gfï ;dla‌IK ks,OdÍka yryd l%shdjg kexfõ' úoHd{hka f.a oekqu iDcqj u f.dúhd fj; fkd hEfõ' iuyr úg kj oekqu lsisfia;a u f.dúhd fj; <Ûd fkd fõ' m¾fhaIK m%;sM, udOH u.ska m< ùu o wjYH h' tfia u m¾fhaIK uyd mßudK iq¿ mßudK l¾udka;lrejka fj; fhduq ùu o wjYH h' tfia u ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h .ek f.dùkag Wmfoia‌ fokakg WmfoaYlhla‌ isáh hq;= h' lD;%su lDñkdYl i,lk úg tajdfha úYd, Yla‌;su;a Wmfoia‌ cd,hla‌ mj;S' ta yd ;r. lsÍug ;rï WmfoaY cd,hla‌ f.dvkÛd.; hq;= h'

9' ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl fndfyda úg ie,iqï lfrkqfha m<sfndaOhd iïmQ¾Kfhka jkid oukakg fkd j md,kh lrkakg h' fuh hym;a l%shdjla‌ nj ienEjls' ffcjúúO;ajh i|yd m<sfndaO o jqjukd h' tfy;a iïmQ¾Kfhka úkdY fkd ùu ksid hï wjia‌:dj, § .egÆ u;= úh yels h'

10' úhou wvq ùu hkak ffcjm<sfndaOkdYlj, uQ,sl jdishls' tfy;a we;eï wjia‌:dj, hï hï .egÆ u;= ùu ksid f.dúhdg jeä úhoula‌ orkakg fõ'

ksoiqkla‌ f,i úfYaIsh;dj ^^Specificity& ksid tla‌ fnda.hl isák m%Odk m<sfndaOhka fofokl= md,khg ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl j¾. tllg jeäfhka mdúÉÑ lrkakg isÿ jkq we;' th we;eï úg lD;%su lDñkdYl fhdokjdg jvd úhoï jeä ld,h kdia‌;s jk l%uhls'

fï pecificity hkq o ixlS¾K l%shdj,shls' wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk mßÈ fï úfYaISh;dj ì£ hkakg o bv ;sfí' wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk ^b,la‌l fkd l<& Ôùkag mjd ydks l< ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl .ek jd¾;d fõ'

11' ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl jeks ;j;a ksIamdok ksis mßÈ iïnkaëlrKh fkd jqK fyd;a ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h wvq úh yels h' ksoiqkla‌ f,i 2008 § wefußldj ;=< tla‌;rd we,a.S kdYlhla‌ iïnkaOfhka .egÆ u;= úKs' Bg fya;=j tu we,a.S kdYlh ms<sldldrlhla‌ ùu yd m%ckk moaO;sfha frda. we;s lrùug uq,a ùuhs' fï we,a.S kdYlh fhdod .kq ,enQfha .%dóh c,dYj, jeù ;snQ ydkslr kS,yß; we,a.S ^fï we,a.S ksid c,fha úiQ u;aiH .ykfha j¾Okhg ndOd ù ;sìKs& u¾okh lrkakg h' flfia fj;;a rch fï we,a.S kdYlh ;ykï lrkakg lghq;= lf<a ke;' fuys § wefußldkq úoHd{fhda lKa‌vdhula‌ ueÈy;a j ydkslr fkd jk we,a.S kdYlhla‌ fidhd .;a y' tfy;a fuh jdkscuhj ksmojkakg iud.ula‌ leue;s lr.kakg Tjqyq wfmdfydi;a jQ y' ta ksid oekqu M,odhs f,i Ndú; fkd ù h' fuys § úoHd{hka fmkajd ÿkafka wefußldkq rch ueÈy;a j ydkslr we,a.S kdYlh ;ykï l<d kï kj ys;lr we,a.S kdYlh flfrys iud.ula‌ fmd,Ujd .kakg yels j ;snQ njhs' fndfyda rgj, úoHd{hka ;=< f,dj yß; f;da;ekakla‌ lsÍug wjeis oekqu yd jqjukdj ;snqK o foaYmd,lhka ;=< ta fol u ke;'

wjqreoaolg fgdka 3000la‌ muKhs

f,dj mqrd jirlg ksmofjk ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl m%udKh o< jYfhka fgdka 3000la‌ fõ' fuh ridhksl m<sfndaOkdYl yd ii|k úg bvd wvq w.hls' fhdok iïu; fmdfydr m%udKh i,lk úg jeä u m%udKhla‌ ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú; lrkafka bkaÈhdjhs' Tjqka ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl nyq,j u mdúÉÑ lrkafka lmq yd ù j.djka h'

wkd.;h iqnodhlhs

miq.sh ld,h ;=< ^miq.sh oYl fol ;=<& ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl flfrys úYd, Wkkaÿjla‌ fkd mej;s kuq;a wo ta ;;a;ajh fjkia‌ j we;' ridhk o%jH wjfYaI wdydr fnda. iu. YÍr.; ùfï wjodku .ek úoHd{hka lreKq ola‌jkakg mgka .ekSu;a ckudOH yryd tu f;dr;=re ixjdohg n÷ka ùu;a fya;= fldgf.k fmdÿ ck;dj ;=< f,dl= Wkkaÿjla‌ ffcj md,k l%u flfrys fhduq j ;sfí' ta ksid ffcjm<sfndaOkdYlj, wkd.;h .ek o iqnodhl n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;eìh yels h' weâjdkaia‌ .%Ska flñia‌á% wOHhkh wdh;kfha lÍka mS fndä yd YeÍ m%ekacála‌ hk úoaj;=ka fom< ;u kj;u m¾fhaIK m;%sldfjka fmkajd fokafka 2010 jif¾ ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h ishhg oyhlska muK by< .sh njhs' bÈß jirj, § óg jvd by< j¾Okhla‌ fmkajkq we;s nj Tjqka f.a woyihs'

f,dal fjf<| fmd< ;=< fvd,¾ ì,shk tll fjf<|dula‌ wdjrKh lrkakg ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj,g yels j ;sfí' fuh iuia‌; m<sfndaOkdYl ^lD;%su tajd iu.& fjf<|fmdf<ka ishhg y;rl muK m%;sY;hls' flfia fj;;a fuys § wm f.a úfYaI wjOdkhg fhduq úh hq;= lreKla‌ o we;' tkï ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlj,ska ishhg wiQjla‌ muK u Ndú; lrkafka idudkH f.dùka fkd j uyd mßudK j.d iud.ï njhs' uyd mßudK ksIamdok iud.ï idïm%odhsl j.d l%u w;ayod n,kakg fhduq j ;sîu tla‌ w;lg i;=gg lreKls' tfy;a fï ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl .ek È<s÷ f.dúhd f.a wjOdkh óg jvd fhduq úh hq;= j we;'

ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl Ydlfha fyda
fjk;a l%shdldrlï i|yd n,mdkjd o@

ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl Ydlfha m%NdixYaf,aIK fyda fjk;a j¾Ok l%shdj,s i|yd n,mEula‌ fkdue;' th Ydlfha fjk;a ldhsl l%shdjlg n,mdkafka o ke;' tfia u fï ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl yeu úg u ffcj ydhkhg ^biodegradable& ,la‌ fõ'

b;d id¾:lhs

fuf;la‌ w;ayod n,k ,o ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl l%ufõo fndfyda wjia‌:dj, § id¾:l ù we;' tjeks id¾:l wjia‌:djlg fyd| u ksoiqka jkafka 19 jeks ishjfia § le,sf*dakshdfõ foys j.djg fmd;= lDñhl= ^Cottony Cushion Scale& u.ska jQ ydkshg fhdok ,o ms<shï h' óg úi÷ula‌ f,i l=reñKshl= ^^Vedalia
beetle& yd ueia‌il= ^^Parasitoid fly& fhdod .kakd ,§' wjqreÿ lSmhl § fï Wjÿr iïmQ¾Kfhka u md,kh flßKs'

úf,damsh;dj

ffcjm<sfndaOkdYl l%shd;aul jk tla‌ m%n, l%uhla‌ jkafka úf,damSh;djhs'' Green fly yd Black fly fly jeks j.djg ydkslr lDóka wdydrhg .kakd f,aän¾â l=reñKshd fujeks úf,damShfhls' f,aän¾â fndfyda m%foaYj, iq,n lDñfhls' fï lDóka ;u j.d ìug f.kajd .ekSug úúO Wml%u ;sfí' green fly ueia‌id u; hEfmk ;j;a M,odhs ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlhla‌ jkafka green fly kï ueia‌ika h' fudjqyq Èklg green fly ueia‌ika 50lg jeä m%udKhla‌ ld ou;s' Bg wu;rj fudjqyq m,;=re ul=¿ lSvEjka yd l=vd o<Uqjka o ld ou;s'

nuk ueia‌id ^Hoverfly& j.d ìug le|jd .kakg o wdl¾IK l%u ;sfí' bka tlla‌ jkafka Poached egg plant jeks me<Eá jeùuhs' tajdfha u,aj,g Tjqyq wdl¾IKh fj;s' Marigolds yd Marigolds yd
Phacelia jeks Ydl jeùfuka o fï m%;sM, w;a lr.; yels h'

n;a l+rd ie,l=j fyd;a W! uÿrejka f.a úf,damShfhls' c,fha § fukau jd;fha § o fï úf,damSh;dj l%shd;aul fõ' c,fha § uÿre lSghd fukau jdhqf.da,fha § iqyqUq,a uÿrejd urd lkakg l+rd iu;a fõ' f¾kao ueia‌id Pirate bug" Rove" ìï l=reñKshd f.ïnd" ueähd" lgqia‌id" yQkd" b;a;Ejd" n<,d fukau n,a,d o úf,damS l%shdfõ § fndfyda úg mßirhg hï jákdlula‌ ,nd fohs' n<Æka lDóka o ydkslr óhka o urd oeóu ksoiqkls' yQkd yd lgqia‌id j.djg ydkslr lDóka /ila‌ wkqNj lr;s'

óhka w,a,kag wd wh l=reÆ ì;a;r lEu

ffcjmd,k l%ufõo Ndú;fha § wm n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk m%;sM, we;s úh yels nj wu;l l< hq;= fkd fõ' yjdhs ¥mf;a jeishkag tla‌ l,l § óhka f.ka oeä lror we;s jQ w;r tys n,OdÍka lf<a úoHd{hka f.a Wmfoia‌ we;s j fï m%foaYhg fyda;Uqjka y÷kajd §uhs' fyda;Uqjka óhka lEug reÑ lrk fyhska n,OdÍka wfmala‌Id lf<a b;d bla‌ukska ó lrorh ÿre jkq we;ehs lshd h' tfy;a isÿ jQfha n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jQ fohls' fyda;Uqjka lf<a óhka we,a,Su fkd j ¥mf;a isá oejeka; l=re,a,ka f.a ì;a;r lEuhs' fï iuyr l=re,af,da b;d ÿ¾j, jQ w;r yjdhs ¥m;aj,g muKla‌ wdfõksl jQfjda h' fyda;Uqjka tfia ì;a;r lEfõ wudrefjka t<jdf.k f.dia‌ óhka w,a,kjdg jvd myiq fyhsks'

Wla‌ l=reñKshd u¾okhg 1930 oYlfha § Wla‌ f.ïnd ^Bufo marinus& fhdod .;a w;r th o fl<jr jQfha wid¾:l ùfuks' fï f.ïnka úYd, úhoula‌ ord f.kajk ,oafoa yjdhsj,sks' ta f.ïnka l=reñKshka lEug úfYaI reÑhla‌ ola‌jk nj wkdjrKh ù ;sìKs' tfy;a th ´ia‌fÜ%,shdfõ § m%dfhda.slj id¾:l fkd ù h' f.ïnka f.fkkq ,en l,la‌ .; jQ miq o Wla‌ l=reñKs .ykh wvq ù f.dia‌ fkd ;sìKs' tys § fmkS .sfha fï f.ïnkag Wla‌ .ia‌ w;ßka by<g mkskakg fkdyels njhs' tksid u Tjqyq l=reñKshka w,a,d .kakg wiu;a jQ y' Wka lEfõ my<g jegqKq l=reñKshka muKs' wjidkfha § isÿ jQfha l=reñKs .ykh fukau Wla‌ f.ïnka .ykh o by< heuhs' fï f.ïnka ksid fjk;a ;¾ckhla‌ o we;s úKs' th kï f.ïnka f.dÿre lr.kakg wd foaYSh kd.hka urKhg m;a ùuhs' thg fya;=j f.ïnka f.a úI iys; njhs' fuf,iska n,k l, ffcj md,kh hkq b;d ir, l%shdoduhla‌ fkd fõ'

tys § o hï hï wjia‌:dj, .egÆ u;= úh yels h' óg l,lg by; W;=re wefußldfõ wdl%uKsl lgq m÷re Ydl úfYaIhla‌ ^^exotic thistes& u¾okhg Rhinocyllus conicus kï l=reñKshd y÷kajd fok ,§' fï l=reñKshd tu m÷rej, îc lkafkls' úoHd{hka wfmala‌Id lf<a W! wdl%uKsl Ydlj,g muKla‌ ydks lrhs lshd h' tfy;a W! foaYSh lgq m÷rej, îc o lEfõ h' fï foaYSh lgq m÷re úkdY ùu ksid ta lgq m÷re u; Ôú;h f.k .sh ys;lr Ôúyq wjodkug ,la‌ jQ y'

Y%S ,xldfõ ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú;h

ie,aúkshd Wjÿrg tfrys j Crytobayous l=reñKshd fhdod .ekSu wfma rfÜ ffcj m<sfndaOkdYl Ndú; l< wjia‌:djlg fyd| ksoiqkls' furg wNHka;r c,dYhkays ie,aúkshd jHdma; ùu Wjÿrla‌ njg m;a jQfha 1940 oYlfha ;rï wE;l isg h' fld,sfhdmafgrd f.da;%fha l=reñKshl= jk Cyrtobagous salviniae ñ,sógr foll muK úYd,;ajfhka hqla‌; h' fï lDñhd f.a lSghd fukau jeäysá i;a;ajhd o ie,aùkshd Ydlhg ydks lrhs' jeäysá i;d lrkafka m;% yd wxl=r ld oeóuhs' uq,a jrg ydks lrñka nrm;< m%ydrh t,a, lrkafka lSghd h'

ffcj md,k l%fudamdhla‌ f,i Cyrtobagous salviniae y÷kajd fokq ,enQfha 1920 oYlfha § h' fï jk úg tu l%uh b;d u id¾:l ù we;' tfy;a uqyqÿ uÜ‌gfuka ógr 1000g jvd Wia‌ ìïj, fï l%uh t;rï id¾:l ù ke;'

Neochetina bruchi hkqfjka y÷kajk fjk;a Ôúhl= o ie,aúkshd u¾okh i|yd y÷kajd fokq ,en ;sfí'

ffcj m<sfndaOkdYlhla‌ f,i fldfydU

w;S;fha isg u fldfydU ffcjm<sfndaO kdYlhla‌ f,i Ndú; jQ nj wm okakd lreKls' oekg;a Y%S ,xldfõ fnda. j.dfõ lDñ m<sfndaO md,kh i|yd fldfydU fhdod .kakd nj lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;= wdrxÑ ud¾. mjihs' ,fldfydU weg f.k fldgd ksia‌idrlhla‌ yodf.k lDókag yd È,Srj,g tfrys j mdúÉÑ l< yelshs' ffcjm<sfndaOkdYlhla‌ f,i fldfydU b;d id¾:lhs' fïjd fhdod .kakd wdldrh .ek lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fjka f.dùkag Wmfoia‌ fokjd' Wmfoia‌ m;%sld fukau Bg wod< fmd;a o ;sfnkjd' fldfydU ksia‌idrlhla‌ f,i ilid fjf<| fmdf<a wf,ú flfrkjd' flfia fj;;a wm ks¾foaY l< tajd .kakjd kï fyd|hs' fudlo iuyr úg wjYH l%shdldß;ajh fkdue;s jHdc ksIamdok mjd fjf<| fmdf<a mej;sh yelshs' fldfydUj,g wu;rj fjk;a Ydl;a ffcjm<sfndaOl kdYl f,i fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj .ek fiùug wm m¾fhaIK lrkjd' fïjd ld,hla‌ .; jk m¾fhaIK' fudlo m<sfndaOlhdg ydks fõ o hkak muKla‌ fkd fõ' ñksidg we;s ydks fudkjd o jeks lreKq;a fidhd.kak ´k, tfia meyeÈ,s lrkafka lDIsl¾u fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m¾fhaIK wxYfha úoHd{ wdpd¾h fma%ur;ak nKa‌vdr uy;d h'

fmd,a l=reñKshd u¾okh l< yeá

Oryotes rhinoceros hkq ,xldfõ fmd,a j.dfõ m%Odk m<sfndaOfhls' fï lDñhd u¾okhg Baculovirus
oryctes fhdod .kq ,efí' uq,a wjêj, § fï lDñhd u¾okhg Ndú; lf<a Metarhizium anisopliae kue;s È,Srhls' fuh ydks lrkafka lDñhd f.a lSg wjia‌:djg h' B.oryctes hkq jhsriuh m%Njhla‌ we;s ffcjm<sfndaOkdYlhls' OBV hkqfjka y÷kajk fï jhsrih bkaÈhdfõ o id¾:lj w;ayod n,d we;'

fvx.= uÿrejdg neg fok BTI

wm rfÜ ks;r l;dnyg ,la‌ jk fvx.= u¾okh i|yd w;ayod nef,k Bti nela‌àßhdj o ffcjm<sfndaOl ldKa‌vhg wh;a jQjls' fuh Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis kï neis,ia‌ys ;=ßksðfhkaisia‌ Wm úfYaIhls' fuu.ska ksmofjk úI fm%daàk uÿre lSghdg ydks muqKqjd uÿre .ykh md,kh lrhs'

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